Commons:Quan utilitzar l'etiqueta PD-Art

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Aquesta pàgina fa referència a fotografies fetes només a distància. Per a les escaneigs/fotocòpies, vegeu Commons:Quan utilitzar l'etiqueta PD-scan.

Ús correcte de PD-Art: una fotografia recent dels Estats Units trobada a Internet d'un quadre de domini públic: mera reproducció tècnica com a fotograma complet.

El PD-Art no és aplicable, ja que la fotografia subsisteix en funció de les opcions artístiques disponibles per al fotògraf, com ara l'enquadrament, la il·luminació i el punt de vista.

Aquí es fa servir PD-old en lloc de PD-Art perquè el subjecte fotografiat —el cavall i el seu genet— no és una obra d'art.

Introducció

Les fotografies gairebé sempre atreuen protecció per drets d'autor, el primer propietari del qual sol ser el fotògraf o el seu empresari. Si voleu penjar a Commons una còpia d'una fotografia feta originalment per algú altre, heu de poder demostrar un dels següents:

• Que el propietari dels drets d'autor ha publicat la fotografia sota una llicència lliure acceptable; o bé
• Aquests drets d'autor de la fotografia han caducat (és a dir, que són de domini públic); o bé
• Que la fotografia no és prou original com per obtenir protecció per drets d'autor.

És el tercer punt el que tractem aquí.

Obra original

A mere mechanical reproduction of some other image, such as an unmodified photocopy or scan of a drawing, cannot attract additional copyright protection over and above that of the original, as it lacks originality: it is a bare copy, no more. That rule applies internationally and, on Commons, is normally taken for granted.

El cas dels Estats Units de Bridgeman contra Corel (1999)

In Bridgeman Art Library v. Corel Corp. (1999), the New York District Court held that "a photograph which is no more than a copy of a work of another as exact as science and technology permits lacks originality. That is not to say that such a feat is trivial, simply not original". In spite of the effort and labor involved in creating professional-quality slides from the original works of art, the Court held that copyright did not subsist as they were simply slavish copies of the works of art represented.

The rule therefore excludes from copyright protection photographs which are intended to be no more than a faithful reproduction of a two-dimensional work of art such as a painting. If only technical expertise is involved (to take a faithful and unimaginative picture), the photograph acquires no copyright protection in its own right. The case extends the rule that scans and photocopies of two-dimensional originals are not copyrightable to cover in addition faithful reproductions created in the U.S. through photography.

As a result of this case, anyone taking in the U.S. a mere 'record' photograph of a 2D work of art — plain, full-framed — gets no copyright protection for the photograph. If the original work of art is sufficiently old that its own copyright has expired, the photograph itself will then be free for use on Commons.

Altres països

The case of Bridgeman applies in the United States only. Other jurisdictions may have different legal approaches. In some jurisdictions—notably that of England and Wales, Spain, the Nordic countries, and Taiwan—arguments have been presented that faithful reproduction photographs are entitled to local copyright protection, either because local law considers them 'original' or because it allows a special type of "simple photograph" copyright. (See Commons:Reutilització de fotografies PD-Art for more info.)

Nevertheless, under Commons rules the {{PD-Art}} tag can be used for "faithful reproduction" photographs of 2D public domain works of art even where copyright on the reproduction might be asserted under local law in the source country.

This is a rare exception to the usual Commons rule that all images must be free both in the US and in the source country. Note that this exception only concerns the copyright on the reproduction. The underlying work of art must still be in the public domain in both the US and the country of origin.

Per què permetem que l'etiqueta PD-Art s'utilitzi per a fotografies de qualsevol país?

La posició del WMF

Regardless of any local laws to the contrary, the Wikimedia Foundation has stated its opinion as follows :

"To put it plainly, WMF's position has always been that faithful reproductions of two-dimensional public domain works of art are public domain, and that claims to the contrary represent an assault on the very concept of a public domain. If museums and galleries not only claim copyright on reproductions, but also control the access to the ability to reproduce pictures (by prohibiting photos, etc.), important historical works that are legally in the public domain can be made inaccessible to the public except through gatekeepers."

"WMF has made it clear that in the absence of even a strong legal complaint, we don't think it's a good idea to dignify such claims of copyright on public domain works. And, if we ever were seriously legally challenged, we would have a good internal debate about whether we'd fight such a case, and build publicity around it. This is neither a policy change (at least from WMF's point of view), nor is it a change that has implications for other Commons policies."

—Erik Möller 01:34, 25 July 2008 (UTC)^diff

La política de Commons segueix la posició de WMF

Following this statement, a poll was held to determine policy, and the overwhelming view was that Commons should accept the {{PD-Art}} tag as being valid for photographs from any country. In August 2008, policy was changed accordingly.

Això no s'aplica a les fotografies d'obres d'art en 3D

When a photograph demonstrates originality (typically through the choice of framing, lighting, point of view and so on), it qualifies for copyright even if the photographed subject is itself uncopyrighted. This is typically the case for photographs of three-dimensional objects, hence the rule of thumb that "2D is OK, 3D is not". See also Photograph of an old coin found on the Internet below.

Llavors, què significa l'etiqueta PD-Art?

L'ús de l'etiqueta {{PD-Art}} implica:

• Que el fitxer Commons és una còpia d'una fotografia feta per algú que no sigui el qui l'ha penjat; i
• Que la fotografia fos una mera còpia de registre (una reproducció fidel) d'una obra d'art bidimensional que és de domini públic.

Quan no s'ha d'utilitzar l'etiqueta PD-Art?

The {{PD-Art}} tag should not be used:

• When you yourself personally took the photograph

In such a case

1. either (recommended option) use {{Licensed-PD-Art}} / {{Licensed-PD-Art-two}} with a {{PD-self}} or {{CC-0}} declaration
2. or simply add the PD tags applying to the work of art (eg {{PD-old-100}}) to show that the work of art is itself in the public domain.

• When the work of art shown in the photograph is in three dimensions

{{PD-Art}} does not apply to 3D works of art such as sculptures, since the photographer was able to generate originality by virtue of a choice of viewpoints and lighting arrangements. Anything that could cast a shadow is excluded.

• When the photograph shows a 2D work of art within a 3D frame

If the frame is 3D, the previous point applies and the image cannot be accepted on Commons. Please crop to remove the frame and upload a version which shows the 2D work of art on its own. If you find an existing PD-Art image including a 3D frame, please add the {{Non-free frame}} cleanup tag.

• When the original work of art is not in the public domain.

If copyright still subsists in the work of art but has been released under a free license, please use that license instead of the {{PD-Art}} tag.

• When the photograph has been released under a free license

In such cases use {{Licensed-PD-Art}} or {{Licensed-PD-Art-two}} - this ensures the photograph is reusable anywhere in the world, including jurisdictions where such photographs are definitely or possibly copyrighted. Note that these templates explicitly say that in many jurisdictions the photograph is not copyrighted.

Exemples

Fotografia d'un mestre vell trobada a Internet

OK as long as the image is or appears to be a faithful reproduction of a 2D public domain work of art.

Fotografia d'un mestre vell escanejat d'un llibre publicat recentment

OK. The WMF takes the view that as long as the reproduction is a faithful reproduction of the original it falls into the public domain.

Fotografia d'un mestre vell trobada a Internet, però hi ha un avís explícit de reclamació de drets d'autor

OK as long as the image is or appears to be a faithful reproduction of a 2D public domain work of art. As per WMF's position, it is considered to be in the public domain even when there is a notice about copyright claim. The uploader should not include that notice when uploading to Commons because it could be confusing to people who will reuse the picture.

Fotografia d'un antic vitrall o d'un antic tapís trobats a Internet o en un llibre

OK. Although many materials such as stained glass and fabric possess some three-dimensional texture, at ordinary viewing distances this texture is essentially invisible. As long as the surface is not noticeably curved or tattered/broken, and the original work is old enough to have entered the public domain, it is considered a faithful reproduction of the original with no original contribution.

Fotografia d'una escultura antiga trobada a Internet o en un llibre

 Not OK. {{PD-Art}} cannot be used for 3D objects such as sculpture, even if the sculpture is very old. If the photograph itself is demonstrably old enough to be in the public domain, use {{PD-old}}.

Fotografia d'una moneda antiga trobada a Internet

 Not OK. Coins are essentially 3D articles, and there is likely to be sufficient creativity in the lighting arrangements for the photographer to obtain a new copyright on the image. The WMF General Counsel has indicated that in his view coin images do not fall under Bridgeman v. Corel and hence are copyrighted: see Wikipedia talk:Non-free content/Archive 25#Photographs of ancient coins.

Còpia d'una antiga fotografia de domini públic que heu escanejat d'un llibre publicat recentment

Use {{PD-old}} rather than {{PD-Art}} provided you are satisfied that the book publishers have not significantly modified the photograph for publication, e.g. by adding artificial colour. If the old photograph was, e.g., a portrait, {{PD-Art}} does not apply as there was no underlying work of art. If the photograph was of an earlier work of art such as an old painting, {{PD-Art}} could be used but is not needed as it no longer matters whether the photograph at the time attracted copyright or not.

Reutilització de contingut etiquetat amb l'etiqueta PD-Art

Please be aware that depending on local laws it may not always be possible in your country to re-use content held on Commons under this policy. For a brief country-by-country review, see Commons:Reutilització de fotografies PD-Art.

Exemples d'ús

The {{PD-Art}} tag should indicate why the original work is in the public domain in both the source country and in the United States. How to do this depends on the work.

Obres els autors dels quals van morir fa almenys 100 anys

Usually, works by authors who died at least 100 years ago are in the public domain in all nations, and so you can simply use {{PD-Art}} with {{PD-old-100}}:

• {{PD-Art|PD-old-100}}

For the rare exception of unpublished and recently published works, see one of the other sections below.

Obres publicades per primera vegada als Estats Units

For these, use {{PD-Art|US license tag}} where the US license tag is chosen from Copyright rules:United States: Copyright tags. Examples:

• {{PD-Art|PD-US-expired}}
• {{PD-Art|PD-US-not renewed}}

Obres publicades per primera vegada fora dels Estats Units abans del 1926

 Info Information on copyright duration for works first published outside the US can be found on publicdomainsherpa.com

• {{PD-Art-two|license tag explaining why it is PD in source country|PD-US-expired}}

Example:

• A photograph of a 1911 English work whose author died in 1925 may be tagged {{PD-Art-two|PD-old-70|PD-US-expired}}

Obres publicades per primera vegada fora dels Estats Units i que eren de domini públic en la data de la URAA

For most source countries, the URAA date is 1996. If the work was in the public domain in its source country on that country's URAA date, it is often in the public domain in both that country and in the United States, and you should use:

• {{PD-Art-two|license tag explaining why it is PD in source country|PD-1996}}

Example:

• A photograph of a Canadian photograph created in 1945 may be tagged {{PD-Art-two|PD-Canada|PD-1996}}

Obres publicades per primer cop fora dels Estats Units que no eren de domini públic en la data de la URAA

These works are not in the public domain in the United States. You should not upload the work. If you find an existing such work, nominate it immediately for deletion.

Debat jurídic

A useful discussion (not part of this policy) of some of the US legal background can be found at Wikilegal/Sweat of the Brow